For example, in bone cells and chondrocytes, activated IGF-IRs can recruit members of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) family (IRS 14) directly to their phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) and SRC homology 2 (SH2) domains, and indirectly to the growth receptor binding protein-2 (Grb2) and the p85 subunit of phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K) through specific motifs within the IRSs (1517)
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Programmed cell death during embryonic brain development is a physiological process that is crucial to optimize the number of progenitor cells and eliminate misplaced or damaged cells that might definitively differentiate improperly [58,59,60]
doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.02.024 113 StoneJR
In cells, H2O2 is also generated via several enzyme-mediated reactions, such as glycollate oxidase during photorespiration, acyl CoA oxidase during b-oxidation, oxalate oxidase that converts oxalate and oxygen to H2O2 and CO2, and NADPH oxidase (a plasma membrane located enzyme) that transfers electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen to generate O2- (subsequently converted to H2O2) (Desikan et al., 2003)
